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Battery Jackson
Battery Selfridge Battery Hasbrouck Battery Hawkins Hawkins annex |
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| Location: | Honolulu, Hawaii |
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| Built: | 1913–1915 |
| Governing body: | United States Army |
| MPS: | Artillery District of Honolulu Thematic Resource |
| NRHP Reference#: | 84000954 84000975 84000925 84000928 84000948[1] |
| Added to NRHP: | June 5, 1984 |
Fort Kamehameha was a United States Army military base that was the site of several coastal artillery batteries to defend Pearl Harbor starting in 1907 in Honolulu, Hawaii.
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The eastern areas of the fort were in the district called Moanalua. It was royal land won by conquest by Kamehameha I in the 1790s and eventually passed to Bernice Pauahi Bishop (named "Bishop's Point") and then inherited by Samuel Mills Damon in 1884. The western side known as Halawa, was the former beach-front estate of Queen Emma of Hawaii. The sandy dunes had been used as a burial site.[2] After annexation of the Territory of Hawaii it was used for the U.S. Army in 1901, and acquired by the U.S. federal government in 1907 by condemnation from Emma's estate. It was sometimes called "Queen Emma Military Reservation" or "Queen Emma Point".
Secretary of war William Howard Taft under President Theodore Roosevelt headed a group to review coastal defenses, in light of "possessions" such as Hawaii and the Philippines, based on the findings of the Board of Fortifications. Originally named Fort Upton for General Emory Upton (1839–1881), on January 28, 1909 after local citizens objected, Archibald Cleghorn suggested the name be changed to honor Kamehameha I, the first king of the unified Hawaiian islands.[3]
From east to west the sites built in the first phase were:
Battery Selfridge was constructed from November 1907 to 1913 with two 12-inch M1895 guns on disappearing carriages, with a range of about 30,000 yards (27 km).[4] It was fort building 420, NRHP site 84000975, located at . It was named for Lt Thomas Etholen Selfridge (1882–1908).
Battery Jackson was constructed in 1913 was equipped with two 6-inch (150 mm) guns on disappearing carriages, with a range of about 15,000 yards (14 km).[4] It was fort building 430, about 1.1 acres (4,500 m2), state site 80-13-1601 and NRHP site 84000954, . It was named for American Civil War General Richard H. Jackson. A massive concrete air raid shelter was built in 1915.[5]
Battery Hawkins was constructed in 1914 with two 3-inch (76 mm) guns with a range of about 6,000 yards (5.5 km).[4] It was fort building 440, NRHP site 84000928 located at , 440 Nelson Avenue. Another bunker built here was known as Hawkins annex, fort building 450, NRHP site 84000948, state site 80-13-1603. Although the smallest of the batteries, it is the easiest to access.[6] It was named for General Hamilton Smith Hawkins (1834–1910).[7]
Battery Hasbrouck (sometimes misspelled as "Hasebrock") was constructed from July 1909 to 1914 and was equipped with eight 12-inch coast defense mortars, with a range of about 15,000 yards (14 km).[4] It was fort building 460 and NRHP site 84000925. It was directly east of the entrance to Pearl Harbor, designed to protect its mine field, at coordinates , covering 2.6 acres (11,000 m2). It was named for General Henry Cornelius Hasbrouck (1839–1910) son of William C. Hasbrouck.[8]
At the west end of Fort Kamehameha, coordinates Battery Chandler had two 3-inch (76 mm) guns named for Lt. Rex Chandler who died in an airplane crash in 1913. Battery Barri had two 4.7 guns, was named for Captain Thomas O. Barri who died in the Civil War in 1863. Construction on these was started in September 1914. Barri was dismantled in 1925 and both no longer exist.[8]
Each of these had two 6-inch (150 mm) guns in casemates located on Ford Island. They were constructed starting in August 1916 and named for Lt Henry R. Adair (died 1916) and Captain Charles T. Boyd (died 1916). A few years later an airfield was constructed on the island called Luke Field, and the site is now owned by the Navy.[8]
The batteries were placed behind massive reinforced concrete walls about 20 feet (6.1 m) thick, which were in turn behind 30 feet (9.1 m) of earth. Within a few years the armaments of the first phase were obsolete. In 1920, two 12-inch (300 mm) guns of a new style on a barbette carriage that could traverse a full 360 degrees were installed and named after Civil War General Henry Whitney Closson (1834–1917).[9] This design had a 975-pound (442 kg) projectile with elevation up to 35 degrees and range of 17 miles (27 km). It was located about . Anti-aircraft guns were also added to protect from attack from above. In 1942, concrete shielding was added above the guns.[8] A row of officers' houses was built in 1916, and a chapel added in 1940.
World War II some of the anti-aircraft guns were used in the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and a Japanese Mitsubishi A6M2 model 21 "Zero" crashed to become the first to fall into American hands.
None of the large caliber guns were ever fired except in practice about once a year. They were salvaged after the war. Some other sites within the fort besides the ones listed above were destroyed.[10] The area around Selfridge and Jackson batteries are now used for the Hawaii Air National Guard. The eastern side of the military reservation (where Battery Closson was located) became the Mamala Bay Golf Course. The "Artillery District of Honolulu" (state historic site 80-13-1382)[11] was added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Oahu on June 5, 1984.[1] Fort DeRussy Military Reservation Battery Randolf (which now houses a museum) was also included in the preservation effort.[12]
In 1991 a sewage treatment plant was built on the western end of the fort. On October 1, 1992 its 506 acres (205 ha) became part of Hickam Air Force Base.[13] The homes were abandoned in 2008 since they were near the runway of Honolulu International Airport.[14]
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